Oswaldo Payá

                                                          

Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas (29 February 1952 – 22 July 2012) was a Cuban political activist. A Roman Catholic, he founded the Christian Liberation Movement in 1987 to oppose the one-party rule of the Cuban Communist Party. He became internationally known for organizing a petition drive known as the Varela Project, in which 25,000 signatories petitioned the Cuban government to guarantee freedom of speech and freedom of assembly as well as institute a multi-party democracy. In recognition of his work, he received the 1999 Homo Homini Award of People in Need and the 2002 Sakharov Prize of the European Parliament.

On 22 July 2012, he was killed in a car crash. The Cuban government stated that the driver had lost control of the vehicle and collided with a tree, while Payá's children asserted that the car had been deliberately run off of the road.

Oswaldo Payá was born on 29 February 1952 in Cerro, Havana.The fifth of seven children, he was brought up as a Roman Catholic and attended a Marist Brothers school in Havana. However, the school was closed following the Communist takeover of the Cuban Revolution. In 1969, he was sentenced to three years of hard labor when he refused to transport political prisoners during his mandatory military service. Payá enrolled in the University of Havana as a physics major, but was expelled when authorities discovered him to be a practicing Christian; he then attended night school and switched his major to telecommunications.

Payá later became an engineer and worked at a state surgical equipment company. He married to Ofelia Acevedo in 1986 in a Catholic wedding. The pair had three children: Oswaldo José, Rosa María, and Reinaldo Isaías.^[6]

In 1987, Payá founded the Christian Liberation Movement (MLC), which called for nonviolent civil disobedience against the rule of the Cuban Communist Party. The group advocates for civil liberties and freedom for political prisoners.

In the late 1990s, Payá and other MLC activists began collecting signatures for the Varela Project, a petition drive that would become his best-known program. Named in honor of Félix Varela, a Catholic priest who had participated in Cuba's independence struggle with Spain, the Project took advantage of a clause in the Cuban Constitution requiring a national referendum to be held if 11,000 signatures are gathered.

In May 2002, he presented the National Assembly of People's Power (NAPP) 11,020 signatures calling for a referendum on safeguarding freedom of speech and assembly, allowing private business ownership, and ending to one-party rule.  On 3 October 2003, he delivered an additional 14,000 signatures. Former U.S. president Jimmy Carter endorsed the petition when granted a chance to speak on Cuban television, bringing Payá's efforts to the attention of a wide Cuban audience. Cuban President Fidel Castro described the petition drive as a U.S.-backed conspiracy to overthrow his government.

According to the Los Angeles Times, the petition drive was "the biggest nonviolent campaign to change the system the elder Castro established after the 1959 Cuban revolution", giving Payá an international reputation as a leading dissident. An expert described it as "the only initiative of its time that enlisted citizen participation on a large scale". Later that year, Payá's efforts were recognized by the European Parliament with its Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, though he was nearly denied an exit visa to attend the awards ceremony. In the months that followed, Payá met with Pope John Paul II, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, and Mexican President Vicente Fox to discuss the cause of Cuban democratic reform.

The Varela Project was ultimately unsuccessful, as the government launched its own petition drive to declare the socialist state "irrevocable".During the 2003 crackdown popularly known as the Black Spring, MLC members would comprise around 40 of the 75 defendants, though Payá himself was not arrested.

Following during Castro's illness, which culminated in his 2008 resignation, Payá continued to criticize the Cuban government as it transferred power to Castro's brother Raul. He called on Raul Castro to allow multiparty elections and free all political prisoners, and delivered a petition asking that the Cuban people be granted freedom of travel.

In the years before Payá's death, his influence was said to be waning, and attention shifted to younger activists such as blogger Yoani Sanchez. In 2010, WikiLeaks released US State Department cables from the previous year calling Payá out of touch with the current movement. However, many of the younger generation of dissidents cited him as a role model and expressed grief at his death.

Payá refused to accept U.S. aid and also opposed the U.S. Cuban embargo. In a 2000 editorial for the Miami Herald, he stated that "Lifting the embargo won't solve the problems of the Cuban people. Maintaining it is no solution, either". He called on the U.S. to immediately lift the embargo on food and medicine.

He also maintained his distance from Cuban political groups based in the U.S. In particular, he refused to support their stated goal of land reacquisition upon the return of exiles to Cuba.

In 2005, he also feuded with democracy activist Martha Beatriz Roque, accusing her of collaborating with security forces to provide justification for a further crackdown.

Although his political activity was tolerated and on a few occasions he was allowed to travel abroad, Payá reported that both he and his family were subject to routine intimidation: "I have been told that I am going to be killed before the regime is over but I am not going to run away."

Payá died in a car crash on 22 July 2012 at the age of 60. The incident occurred at 1:50 p.m. near Bayamo in eastern Granma province, according to a statement released by the Cuban government's International Press Center. The chairman of the MCL's youth league, Harold Cepero, also died in the crash. Swedish politician and chairman of the Young Christian Democrats Aron Modig and Spanish politician Angel Carromero Barrios were present, but survived with minor injuries. All four were taken to Professor Carlos Manuel Clinical Surgery Hospital in Bayamo, though Payá was dead on arrival.

Payá's daughter Rosa María stated that her father died after the rental car in which he was traveling was rammed several times by another car. Payá's son Oswaldo added that his father had received numerous death threats and agreed that his car had been deliberately driven off the road. The official statement by the Cuban government said that the driver lost control of the vehicle and collided with a tree. The MLC stated that "the circumstances of these deaths have not been cleared up and are open to hypothesis" and demanded a "transparent" inquiry into the accident.

U.S. President Barack Obama released a statement praising Payá as "a tireless champion for greater civic and human rights in Cuba". U.S. Senator Marco Rubio and Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney called for an independent investigation into the crash, calling on the international community to "demand that the facts concerning Paya’s death be accurately determined and that the surviving witnesses be protected".The European Union issued a statement recognizing Payá's dedication "to the cause of democracy and human rights in Cuba".

Elizardo Sanchez, president of the Cuban Commission for Human Rights, stated that "This is tragic for the family and the human rights and pro-democracy movement in Cuba ... Payá was considered the most notable political leader of the Cuban opposition." Ladies in White president Berta Soler described the death as "a terrible blow".